For foreign nationals, the difference between an investigator, prosecutor, judge, advocate, and interpreter can be confusing—especially when several appear in one matter. Understanding each role reduces communication risk.
Police and investigators
The police may receive reports and conduct inquiries or investigations within their authority. Investigators interview witnesses, victims, experts, or suspects and collect evidence. Questions asked during an interview become part of an official process.
- An official summons does not necessarily mean that a person is a suspect.
- Legal status should be confirmed from the relevant document or authorised official.
Prosecutors and prosecution
Prosecutors may assess the investigation file, prepare an indictment, conduct the prosecution, and exercise other statutory powers. A prosecutor is not a judge and does not decide the case.
- The prosecution stage has its own documents and deadlines.
- Translations of indictments and supporting documents must preserve terminology and reference numbers consistently.
Courts and judges
Courts independently examine, hear, and decide cases. Judges hear the parties, witnesses, experts, and prosecutor before issuing a judgment within their jurisdiction.
- An interpreter conveys language; the interpreter does not influence the decision.
- A party still needs qualified counsel for legal strategy and advice.
Advocates and interpreters
Advocates provide legal advice and representation. Interpreters support clear, faithful, and neutral communication between languages. An interpreter is not a substitute for counsel and should not answer questions on a client’s behalf.
- State language needs early.
- Request the relevant terminology, documents, and agenda so the interpreter can prepare.
This article provides general information, not legal advice. Requirements, institutional policies, and document acceptance may differ or change. For a specific matter, consult qualified Indonesian counsel or the receiving authority.
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